What are the main challenges?
The long-term nature of their liabilities requires pension funds to hedge interest rates and inflation risk. In particular, the relative lack of long-dated bond issuance in Europe by high-quality issuers has driven many pension fund managers, especially in the UK, Netherlands and Denmark, to utilise standard interest rate and inflation-linked swaps for hedging. Traditionally, these swaps were not centrally-cleared and hence exposed the pension funds to the counterparty and operational risks. The introduction of the Uncleared Margin Rules increases collateral requirements and adds further complexities as bilateral collateral schedules are not standardised typically. Central clearing of standardised OTC derivatives is the main pillar of European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) and aims to reduce risks, improve market access and increase transparency.
What problems do pension funds fear due to regulatory requirements?
While pension funds in general welcome central clearing, the requirement of central counterparties (CCPs) to meet the daily variation margin obligations in cash could create a challenge for pension funds, who are typically fully invested, in times of increasing interest rates. Essentially, they have three options: run a cash buffer, secure bilateral credit lines or access the un-cleared or cleared repo market. Holding significant cash balances typically diminishes investment returns and bilateral credit lines are very expensive on a continuous basis. Accessing the €7.3 trillion pan-European repo market instead seems a natural choice. Nevertheless, based on historic experience, for example, during the Lehman crisis the bilateral repo market has not been very liquid during times of stress; furthermore, the additional capital and liquidity constraints on banks introduced have further reduced the available capacity.
How is the dealer-to-client repo market functioning?
As mentioned, repos are integral components and essential tools of the banking industry. In Europe, almost no dealer-to-client repos are centrally cleared. Therefore, they are based on a 1:1 credit relationship between individual borrowers and lenders and are typically governed by a specific legal agreement. That sounds easy and uncomplicated until you recognise that the large majority of the dealer-to-client business is still executed via phone. Equally, negotiating the legal agreements is a lengthy process, sometimes taking up to 18 months. It is also limited in capacity, and not only because each bank has limited financing lines, but also because the time to trade and settle bilateral repos is often limited, given the fragmented and ageing settlement infrastructure. Meanwhile, many buy-side entities do not have the resources to assess and monitor the credit risk of a large number of counterparties. There is hardly anything scalable and nothing digital here. However, it doesn‘t have to be this way.
There seems to be a real dilemma? What solution do you suggest?
A potential solution to this problem comes from centrally cleared repo markets. Following the 2008 financial crisis, almost all interbank funding migrated from unsecured to secured, for example, repos. Similar to OTC IRS, the large majority of interbank repo and approx. over half, 70 percent, of repo turnover is now centrally cleared in Europe. Now, this market is dominated by commercial banks but also sees participation by supranational, government financing entities and central banks. In the US, more than 1,800 buy-side entities are already centrally clearing repo.
Today, a number of buy-side entities already access Eurex`s centrally cleared repo market via Eurex Repo`s Select Invest offering. This model allows clients to invest cash securely via centrally-cleared reverse repos. In order to meet the aforementioned concerns by pension funds, Eurex recently expanded its offering: it now also permits buy-side clients as Select Finance participants to raise cash via our centrally-cleared repo markets.
What advantages can pension funds and other buy-side entities expect from accessing Eurex`s centrally-cleared repo market?
We offer access to a completely new market segment, which until now had been closed to pension funds and other buy-side entities in Europe. This offer directly addresses the liquidity concerns and the regulatory challenges for pension funds. By accessing Eurex Repo’s liquid centrally-cleared repo markets they are able to invest cash securely or raise short-term funding utilising more than 13,000 international securities identification numbers (ISIN) and trade with more than 140 Eurex Repo participants. This means access to 140 repo liquidity providers from commercial banks to central banks and government financing agencies all under one standardised legal agreement, with straight-through-processing and without the need for bilateral credit lines.
In addition, Eurex Clearing uniquely permits the combination of central clearing of repos and OTC IRS via its clearing services. This not only expands the number of repo liquidity providers significantly but also offers additional operational, liquidity and safety advantages for both product lines, for example, same cash account, re-use of repo collateral for initial margin or single clearing agreement.
Have you already seen reactions from pension funds?
Indeed. The first company clearly convinced by our offering is PGGM, the first pension fund manager to enable its clients to access the centrally-cleared repo market at Eurex Repo. With the increasing volumes in our derivatives clearing offering, we are optimistic that other European pension fund managers will seek access to our repo market place and manage their collateral requirements more efficiently.
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